Research publications reviewing their potential contributions to infant health and development.
HMO CLINICAL RESEARCH
Human Milk Oligosaccharides (HMOs) 2022 Compendium of Publications
An updated PDF summarizing scientific publications about HMOs and their potential role in infant health with a focus on brain development, immune support, and digestive health.
Human Milk Oligosaccharides and Infant Neurodevelopment: A Narrative Review
Explore a narrative review of 6 observational studies evaluating the effect of human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) on breast milk-fed infant neurodevelopmental outcomes.
Berger PK, Ong ML, Bode L, Belfort MB. Nutrients. 2023;15(3):719. doi: 10.3390/nu15030719
Functional Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component in human milk and act in tandem with other bioactive components. Discover the functional effects of HMOs, such as supporting a healthy gastrointestinal microbiome and aiding the development of a balanced immune system.
Dinleyici M, Barbieur J, Dinleyici EC, Vandenplas Y. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2186115. doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2186115
Clinical Studies on the Supplementation of HMOs
These studies evaluated the health outcomes of published clinical trials involving the supplementation of HMOs. They consistently found that HMO supplementation was safe and well-tolerated.
Schönknecht YB, Moreno Tovar MV, Jensen SR, Parschat K. Nutrients. 2023;15(16):3622. Published 2023 Aug 17. doi:10.3390/nu15163622
Expert Panel: The Beneficial Effects of HMOs in Early Life
This review by pediatric gastroenterology and allergy-immunology experts addressed the bioactive components of human milk, the structure and roles of HMOs, and potential benefits of HMO-supplemented infant formula—particularly for children with cow's milk protein allergy (see methods section).
Sekerel BE, Bingol G, Cullu Cokugras F, et al. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:1147-1164. Published 2021 Sep 24. doi:10.2147/JAA.S323734
Human Milk Microbiota and Oligosaccharides
Among bioactive components in human milk, HMOs are particularly significant. HMOs have valuable effects on intestinal microbiota, the intestinal barrier, and immune response.
Moubareck CA. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1123. doi:10.3390/nu13041123
Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Every Baby Needs a Sugar Mama
A review that introduces the pioneers in HMO research, outlines HMO structural diversity, and describes what is known about HMO biosynthesis in the mother's mammary gland and their metabolism in the breastfed infant. The second part highlights the beneficial effects of HMOs for breastfed infants, compares HMOs with oligosaccharides in the milk of other mammals and in infant formula, and summarizes HMO research.
Bode L. (2012). Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology, 22(9), 1147–1162. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cws074
Similar to Those Who Are Breastfed, Infants Fed a Formula Containing 2'-Fucosyllactose Have Lower Inflammatory Cytokines in a Randomized Controlled Trial
A randomized controlled trial showing infants fed a formula containing 2′-FL have lower inflammatory cytokines similar to those who are breastfed.
Goehring KC, Marriage BJ, Oliver, JS, Wilder JA, Barrett EG, & Buck RH (2016). Similar to Those Who Are Breastfed, Infants Fed a Formula Containing 2'-Fucosyllactose Have Lower Inflammatory Cytokines in a Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(12), 2559–2566. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.236919
Infants Fed a Lower Calorie Formula With 2'-FL Show Growth and 2'-FL Uptake Like Breastfed Infants
A study examining infant growth and tolerance when fed formulas with a caloric density close to human milk supplemented with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).
Marriage BJ, Buck RH, Goehring KC, Oliver JS, & Williams JA (2015). Infants Fed a Lower Calorie Formula With 2'FL Show Growth and 2'FL Uptake Like Breast-Fed Infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 61(6), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000889
Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose
A review of the clinical experiences of feeding infants formula containing human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2′-FL.
Reverri EJ, Devitt AA, Kajzer JA, Baggs GE, & Borschel MW (2018). Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose. Nutrients, 10(10), 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101346
Functional Effects of Human Milk Oligosaccharides
Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are the third most abundant solid component in human milk and act in tandem with other bioactive components. Discover the functional effects of HMOs, such as supporting a healthy gastrointestinal microbiome and aiding the development of a balanced immune system.
Dinleyici M, Barbieur J, Dinleyici EC, Vandenplas Y. Gut Microbes. 2023;15(1):2186115. doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2186115
Clinical Studies on the Supplementation of HMOs
These studies evaluated the health outcomes of published clinical trials involving the supplementation of HMOs. They consistently found that HMO supplementation was safe and well-tolerated.
Schönknecht YB, Moreno Tovar MV, Jensen SR, Parschat K. Nutrients. 2023;15(16):3622. Published 2023 Aug 17. doi:10.3390/nu15163622
Expert Panel: The Beneficial Effects of HMOs in Early Life
This review by pediatric gastroenterology and allergy-immunology experts addressed the bioactive components of human milk, the structure and roles of HMOs, and potential benefits of HMO-supplemented infant formula—particularly for children with cow's milk protein allergy (see methods section).
Sekerel BE, Bingol G, Cullu Cokugras F, et al. J Asthma Allergy. 2021;14:1147-1164. Published 2021 Sep 24. doi:10.2147/JAA.S323734
Human Milk Microbiota and Oligosaccharides
Among bioactive components in human milk, HMOs are particularly significant. HMOs have valuable effects on intestinal microbiota, the intestinal barrier, and immune response.
Moubareck CA. Nutrients. 2021;13(4):1123. doi:10.3390/nu13041123
Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Every Baby Needs a Sugar Mama
A review that introduces the pioneers in HMO research, outlines HMO structural diversity, and describes what is known about HMO biosynthesis in the mother's mammary gland and their metabolism in the breastfed infant. The second part highlights the beneficial effects of HMOs for breastfed infants, compares HMOs with oligosaccharides in the milk of other mammals and in infant formula, and summarizes HMO research.
Bode L. (2012). Human milk oligosaccharides: every baby needs a sugar mama. Glycobiology, 22(9), 1147–1162. https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cws074
Similar to Those Who Are Breastfed, Infants Fed a Formula Containing 2'-Fucosyllactose Have Lower Inflammatory Cytokines in a Randomized Controlled Trial
A randomized controlled trial showing infants fed a formula containing 2′-FL have lower inflammatory cytokines similar to those who are breastfed.
Goehring KC, Marriage BJ, Oliver, JS, Wilder JA, Barrett EG, & Buck RH (2016). Similar to Those Who Are Breastfed, Infants Fed a Formula Containing 2'-Fucosyllactose Have Lower Inflammatory Cytokines in a Randomized Controlled Trial. The Journal of Nutrition, 146(12), 2559–2566. https://doi.org/10.3945/jn.116.236919
Infants Fed a Lower Calorie Formula With 2'-FL Show Growth and 2'-FL Uptake Like Breastfed Infants
A study examining infant growth and tolerance when fed formulas with a caloric density close to human milk supplemented with human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs).
Marriage BJ, Buck RH, Goehring KC, Oliver JS, & Williams JA (2015). Infants Fed a Lower Calorie Formula With 2'FL Show Growth and 2'FL Uptake Like Breast-Fed Infants. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 61(6), 649–658. https://doi.org/10.1097/MPG.0000000000000889
Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose
A review of the clinical experiences of feeding infants formula containing human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) 2′-FL.
Reverri EJ, Devitt AA, Kajzer JA, Baggs GE, & Borschel MW (2018). Review of the Clinical Experiences of Feeding Infants Formula Containing the Human Milk Oligosaccharide 2'-Fucosyllactose. Nutrients, 10(10), 1346. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu10101346
